When Canada’s founding leaders first conceived of a federal police service, history tells us it was merely an emergency measure, a contingency plan to enforce Canadian laws throughout what was then known as the North-West Territories.
The day Parliament voted the service into existence on May 23, 1873, is now recognized as the official founding of what would eventually become the RCMP.
But the first big case, months later, truly kick-started the force’s long and sometimes painful history.
The RCMP marks 150 years of that history Tuesday with events the service says are meant to demonstrate pride, but also humility and reconciliation.
In spring 1873, a famine had pushed a group of Nakoda to venture south of their traditional territory toward Cyprus Hills, in modern-day southern Saskatchewan.
They were camped not far from some whisky traders when they encountered a group of American wolf hunters whose horse had been stolen.
“When the hunters encountered the innocent Nakoda, accusations led to conflict, events escalated catastrophically out of control, and the hunters brutally killed the Nakoda,” the government’s online account of the Cypress Hills Massacre reads.
Some 20 men, women and children were killed.
In Canada’s earliest days, the first provinces to band together under Confederation were each responsible for their own policing and the only national officers were mainly responsible for guarding Parliament Hill.
That caused a minor problem when the North-West Territories was brought into the fold in 1870. The territories included what is now known as Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and much of the prairies.
The territories didn’t have their own police service, so Parliament passed a law to create the North-West Mounted Police three years later.
It wasn’t until August, though, when news of the massacre reached Ottawa, that an Order-in-Council was actually signed to establish the service.
A year later, 300 recruits marched west to secure the frontier.
The RCMP and Canadian government agree the Cypress Hills Massacre spurred the creation of the federal police service, and though arrests were made, the perpetrators were never brought to justice under Canada’s burgeoning legal system.
The service’s role continued to evolve until the modern form of the RCMP was established in 1920, and the Mounties have long since become an iconic symbol of Canada.
RCMP officers played major roles in Canada’s history, attempting to maintain order during the Klondike Gold Rush and serving as Canada’s main intelligence agency during the Cold War.
But it has also played darker roles in the past century-and-a-half, including repressing Indigenous uprisings and acting as “truant officers” to enforce attendance at residential schools.
Its mandate now sees Mounties take on national and rural policing to varying degrees across Canada — a model that has garnered criticism for leaving remote communities underserved.
The service plans to celebrate its sesquicentennial with events across the country that celebrate the history of the service. Thundering horseback performances of the RCMP Musical Ride, barbecues and community events across the country are all on the agenda.
The RCMP is also touting its strategic plan for 2023 to “address issues of trust,” though the plan doesn’t go into specifics.
It includes recruiting people of diverse backgrounds and addressing systemic racism, being more transparent about serious events and improving reconciliation efforts with Indigenous peoples.
Inquiries and commissions over the decades have made suggestions to reform the police service.
